These results are produced using the champs-mortality R package, which is under active development. The statistics provided have not been fully validated and should not yet be treated as reliable.
Congenital birth defects
In the causal chain
Results
Factor Adjustment Table
MITS Selection Stats
Condition Selection Stats
Bangladesh
Baliakandi (DSS)
Factors CBD+
N = 4 		CBD-
N = 79
n (%) n (%)
Age P-value: 1 , Missing: 0%
Stillbirth 1 (25) 30 (38.0)
Neonate 3 (75) 48 (60.8)
Infants and Children 0 (0) 1 (1.3)
Sex P-value: 0.627 , Missing: 0%
Female 2 (50) 29 (36.7)
Male 2 (50) 50 (63.3)
Education P-value: 0.384 , Missing: 36.14%
None 0 (0) 3 (6.1)
Primary 2 (50) 33 (67.3)
Secondary 2 (50) 8 (16.3)
Tertiary 0 (0) 5 (10.2)
Season P-value: 1 , Missing: 0%
Dry 3 (75) 48 (60.8)
Rainy 1 (25) 31 (39.2)
Location P-value: 1 , Missing: 0%
Community 0 (0) 4 (5.1)
Facility 4 (100) 75 (94.9)
VA CoD P-value: 1 , Missing: 4.82%
Infection 0 (0) 0 (0.0)
Trauma 0 (0) 0 (0.0)
Other 4 (100) 75 (100.0)
Bangladesh
Faridpur (non-DSS)
Factors CBD+
N = 14 		CBD-
N = 114
n (%) n (%)
Age P-value: 0.23 , Missing: 0%
Stillbirth 8 (57.1) 60 (52.6)
Neonate 5 (35.7) 53 (46.5)
Infants and Children 1 (7.1) 1 (0.9)
Sex P-value: 0.783 , Missing: 0%
Female 7 (50.0) 52 (45.6)
Male 7 (50.0) 62 (54.4)
Education P-value: 0.106 , Missing: 47.66%
None 0 (0.0) 7 (11.5)
Primary 3 (50.0) 36 (59.0)
Secondary 3 (50.0) 7 (11.5)
Tertiary 0 (0.0) 11 (18.0)
Season P-value: 0.547 , Missing: 0%
Dry 11 (78.6) 77 (67.5)
Rainy 3 (21.4) 37 (32.5)
Location P-value: 1 , Missing: 0%
Community 0 (0.0) 4 (3.5)
Facility 14 (100.0) 110 (96.5)
VA CoD P-value: 0.219 , Missing: 5.47%
Infection 1 (7.1) 1 (0.9)
Trauma 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Other 13 (92.9) 106 (99.1)
Ethiopia
Haramaya, Harar, Kersa (DSS)
Factors CBD+
N = 26 		CBD-
N = 140
n (%) n (%)
Age P-value: 0.071 , Missing: 0%
Stillbirth 18 (69.2) 74 (52.9)
Neonate 8 (30.8) 46 (32.9)
Infants and Children 0 (0.0) 20 (14.3)
Sex P-value: 0.005 , Missing: 0%
Female 19 (73.1) 60 (42.9)
Male 7 (26.9) 80 (57.1)
Education P-value: 0.581 , Missing: 82.53%
None 2 (100.0) 15 (55.6)
Primary 0 (0.0) 1 (3.7)
Secondary 0 (0.0) 1 (3.7)
Tertiary 0 (0.0) 10 (37.0)
Season P-value: 0.819 , Missing: 0%
Dry 19 (73.1) 98 (70.0)
Rainy 7 (26.9) 42 (30.0)
Location P-value: 0.314 , Missing: 0%
Community 1 (3.8) 18 (12.9)
Facility 25 (96.2) 122 (87.1)
VA CoD P-value: 0.075 , Missing: 8.43%
Infection 0 (0.0) 16 (12.7)
Trauma 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Other 26 (100.0) 110 (87.3)
Kenya
Manyatta, Siaya (DSS)
Factors CBD+
N = 22 		CBD-
N = 471
n (%) n (%)
Age P-value: <0.001 , Missing: 0%
Stillbirth 0 (0.0) 132 (28.0)
Neonate 4 (18.2) 143 (30.4)
Infants and Children 18 (81.8) 196 (41.6)
Sex P-value: 0.515 , Missing: 0.2%
Female 12 (54.5) 217 (46.2)
Male 10 (45.5) 253 (53.8)
Education P-value: 0.232 , Missing: 44.42%
None 0 (0.0) 5 (1.9)
Primary 2 (16.7) 105 (40.1)
Secondary 8 (66.7) 99 (37.8)
Tertiary 2 (16.7) 53 (20.2)
Season P-value: 0.197 , Missing: 0%
Dry 13 (59.1) 211 (44.8)
Rainy 9 (40.9) 260 (55.2)
Location P-value: 0.796 , Missing: 0%
Community 4 (18.2) 108 (22.9)
Facility 18 (81.8) 363 (77.1)
VA CoD P-value: 0.004 , Missing: 10.75%
Infection 14 (70.0) 135 (32.1)
Trauma 0 (0.0) 5 (1.2)
Other 6 (30.0) 280 (66.7)
Mali
Bamako (non-DSS)
Factors CBD+
N = 34 		CBD-
N = 159
n (%) n (%)
Age P-value: 0.018 , Missing: 0%
Stillbirth 8 (23.5) 63 (39.6)
Neonate 20 (58.8) 51 (32.1)
Infants and Children 6 (17.6) 45 (28.3)
Sex P-value: 0.851 , Missing: 0%
Female 18 (52.9) 80 (50.3)
Male 16 (47.1) 79 (49.7)
Education P-value: 0.259 , Missing: 11.4%
None 18 (54.5) 51 (37.0)
Primary 10 (30.3) 60 (43.5)
Secondary 4 (12.1) 24 (17.4)
Tertiary 1 (3.0) 3 (2.2)
Season P-value: 0.85 , Missing: 0%
Dry 20 (58.8) 89 (56.0)
Rainy 14 (41.2) 70 (44.0)
Location P-value: 0.825 , Missing: 0%
Community 7 (20.6) 37 (23.3)
Facility 27 (79.4) 122 (76.7)
VA CoD P-value: 0.076 , Missing: 5.7%
Infection 2 (6.2) 33 (22.0)
Trauma 0 (0.0) 1 (0.7)
Other 30 (93.8) 116 (77.3)
Mozambique
Manhica (DSS)
Factors CBD+
N = 9 		CBD-
N = 269
n (%) n (%)
Age P-value: 0.468 , Missing: 0%
Stillbirth 3 (33.3) 114 (42.4)
Neonate 2 (22.2) 90 (33.5)
Infants and Children 4 (44.4) 65 (24.2)
Sex P-value: 0.164 , Missing: 0%
Female 6 (66.7) 106 (39.4)
Male 3 (33.3) 163 (60.6)
Education P-value: 1 , Missing: 98.2%
None 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Primary 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Secondary 0 (0.0) 4 (80.0)
Tertiary 0 (0.0) 1 (20.0)
Season P-value: 0.501 , Missing: 0%
Dry 6 (66.7) 134 (49.8)
Rainy 3 (33.3) 135 (50.2)
Location P-value: 0.226 , Missing: 0%
Community 2 (22.2) 26 (9.7)
Facility 7 (77.8) 243 (90.3)
VA CoD P-value: 1 , Missing: 10.43%
Infection 1 (12.5) 52 (21.6)
Trauma 0 (0.0) 2 (0.8)
Other 7 (87.5) 187 (77.6)
Mozambique
Quelimane (non-DSS)
Factors CBD+
N = 22 		CBD-
N = 178
n (%) n (%)
Age P-value: 0.427 , Missing: 0%
Stillbirth 5 (22.7) 63 (35.4)
Neonate 13 (59.1) 78 (43.8)
Infants and Children 4 (18.2) 37 (20.8)
Sex P-value: 0.655 , Missing: 0%
Female 11 (50.0) 79 (44.4)
Male 11 (50.0) 99 (55.6)
Education P-value: 0.278 , Missing: 95.5%
None 1 (50.0) 0 (0.0)
Primary 0 (0.0) 1 (14.3)
Secondary 1 (50.0) 2 (28.6)
Tertiary 0 (0.0) 4 (57.1)
Season P-value: 0.654 , Missing: 0%
Dry 13 (59.1) 94 (52.8)
Rainy 9 (40.9) 84 (47.2)
Location P-value: 1 , Missing: 0.5%
Community 0 (0.0) 3 (1.7)
Facility 22 (100.0) 174 (98.3)
VA CoD P-value: 0.703 , Missing: 35.5%
Infection 3 (20.0) 17 (14.9)
Trauma 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Other 12 (80.0) 97 (85.1)
Sierra Leone
Makeni (non-DSS)
Factors CBD+
N = 8 		CBD-
N = 217
n (%) n (%)
Age P-value: 0.014 , Missing: 0%
Stillbirth 4 (50.0) 63 (29.0)
Neonate 4 (50.0) 55 (25.3)
Infants and Children 0 (0.0) 99 (45.6)
Sex P-value: 0.032 , Missing: 0%
Female 7 (87.5) 103 (47.5)
Male 1 (12.5) 114 (52.5)
Education P-value: 1 , Missing: 86.67%
None 0 (0.0) 6 (21.4)
Primary 0 (0.0) 2 (7.1)
Secondary 1 (50.0) 13 (46.4)
Tertiary 1 (50.0) 7 (25.0)
Season P-value: 1 , Missing: 0%
Dry 6 (75.0) 158 (72.8)
Rainy 2 (25.0) 59 (27.2)
Location P-value: 0.603 , Missing: 0%
Community 0 (0.0) 25 (11.5)
Facility 8 (100.0) 192 (88.5)
VA CoD P-value: 0.145 , Missing: 12%
Infection 0 (0.0) 70 (36.5)
Trauma 0 (0.0) 2 (1.0)
Other 6 (100.0) 120 (62.5)
South Africa
Soweto (DSS)
Factors CBD+
N = 96 		CBD-
N = 599
n (%) n (%)
Age P-value: <0.001 , Missing: 0%
Stillbirth 4 (4.2) 118 (19.7)
Neonate 52 (54.2) 329 (54.9)
Infants and Children 40 (41.7) 152 (25.4)
Sex P-value: 0.033 , Missing: 0.43%
Female 49 (52.1) 241 (40.3)
Male 45 (47.9) 357 (59.7)
Education P-value: 1 , Missing: 99.71%
None 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Primary 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Secondary 1 (50.0) 0 (0.0)
Tertiary 1 (50.0) 0 (0.0)
Season P-value: 0.103 , Missing: 0%
Dry 64 (66.7) 450 (75.1)
Rainy 32 (33.3) 149 (24.9)
Location P-value: 0.458 , Missing: 0%
Community 3 (3.1) 33 (5.5)
Facility 93 (96.9) 566 (94.5)
VA CoD P-value: 0.015 , Missing: 27.77%
Infection 16 (23.5) 50 (11.5)
Trauma 0 (0.0) 13 (3.0)
Other 52 (76.5) 371 (85.5)